This guide presents information and resources on APA, MLA, and Chicago styles as well as guidance on citation management programs.
APA is commonly used to cite sources in the social sciences fields
such as psychology, education, and more. This guide will
provide you with basic information on how to make
in-text citations and entries in your Works Cited page.
For more in-depth information, please consult a copy
of the official APA Handbook.
APA Handbook (7th Edition) Locations:
Academic Writers Tutorial: Basics of the 7th edition of APA
An interactive tutorial from the APA for teaching and learning effective writing.
Source: https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
If you intend to use and cite AI-generated content for course assignments, first consult with your instructor. Instructors have varying opinions about how or whether students may use ChatGPT or other Generative AI tools. Use the following format to cite ChatGPT. For detailed information on how to cite AI in APA style, please check this APA blog post, How to cite ChatGPT, created on April 7, 2023.
To quote or reproduce the text generated by ChatGPT in your paper:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
To put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix or in online supplemental materials:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
To create a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Type of Source
Reference List Citation
Edited book
Format:
Editor, A.A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
Romano, A. J., & Marincola, J. (Eds.). (2019).
Host or parasite?: Mythographers and their contemporaries in the classical and Hellenistic periods. De Gruyter.
Article or chapter in an edited book
Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A.A. Editor & B.B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Publisher.
Bonn, M. A. (2003). Employee s ervice q uality i ssues: Meeting the needs of our internal customers. In Salih Kusluvan (Ed) ., Managing employee attitudes and behaviors in the tourism and hospitality industry (pp. 433 -452 ). Nova Scientific.
Electronic-only book
Format:
Example:
Fahm, A. (2019). Introduction to financial mathematics: Concepts, and computational methods.
Article in a periodical (journal/magazine)
Journal Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.
Journal Example:
Zhao, T., Bell, L., Horner, M. W., Sulik, J., & Zhang, J. (2012). Consumer responses towards home energy financial incentives: A survey-based study. Energy Policy, 47, 291-297.
Magazine Format:
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Periodical, issue number, pages.
Magazine Example:
Banks, H. (1993, April 26). Soak the lower middle class! Forbes, 151(9), 37.
Print Format:
Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page(s).
Print Example:
Brown, P.L. (2017, June 23). When a Brooklyn Graveyard can't expand outward, it looks within: [metropolitan desk]. The New York Times, p. A.22.
Electronic Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper.
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url
Electronic Example:
Sifferlin , A. ( 2015 , September 30). “Washing dishes is a really great stress reliever, science says.” Time.
Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number if available), page(s). http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Example:
Weissert, C. S. (2004). Promise and perils of state-based road to universal health insurance in the U.S., Journal of Health Care Law & Policy, 7(1), 42-69.
https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jhclp/vol7/iss1/3
Article from online periodical (DOI provided)
Format:
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example:
Constantino, C. D., Manning, W. J., & Nordstrom, S. N. (2017). Rethinking covert stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 53, 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.06.0
Type of Source
Reference List Citation
Format:
In APA style there is no need to include an entry for an entire web site in your reference list as long as you identify the source clearly in the text of your paper.
Example:
The Purdue University Online Writing Lab was extremely helpful in understanding the differences between APA and MLA styles (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/).
Dissertations or Theses
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Format]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.
Example:
Kroto, H. W. (1964). The spectra of unstable molecules under high resolution [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Sheffield.
Gutbezahl, B. (1952). Acid dissociation and acidity in the ethanol-water system [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University.
Data set
Format:
Author, A. (Year Created). Title of data. [Format]. Publisher. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Example:
